Independence: From the First Plans to the First President

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1. Cold open
2. Who was the first president of Mexico?
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3. Your turn — say it out loud

4. Guadalupe Victoria was the first president of Mexico.
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5. We’ll connect the early plans, the start of the War of Independence, the press, the final agreements, and the move to a president.
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6. The episode
7. The story begins with plans for a different kind of government.
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8. What did the Plan of Valladolid consist of?
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9. In 1809, criollo conspirators in Valladolid planned to establish a congress in New Spain. It would govern in the name of Fernando VII.
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10. Valladolid is today Morelia, Michoacán. The conspiracy was discovered before it could act.
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11. It came before the Querétaro conspiracy and the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1810.
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12. Which state is considered the cradle of independence?
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13. Guanajuato is considered the cradle of Mexican independence.
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14. In Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo issued the Grito de Dolores on September 16, 1810, calling the people to arms.
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15. Days later, the insurgents took the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato City.
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16. In what conflict did Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and Leona Vicario participate?
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17. They participated in the War of Independence.
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18. Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez warned the conspirators in September 1810 that their plot had been discovered. Leona Vicario funded the insurgency and ran information networks for the rebels.
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19. Ignacio Allende belonged to that first generation of insurgents. He and Miguel Hidalgo were executed by firing squad in 1811.
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20. Ideas also moved through newspapers during the conflict.
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21. Who created the newspaper published when the Constitution of Cádiz was enacted?
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22. José Isidoro Morales was its creator.
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23. The Constitution of Cádiz was enacted in Spain in 1812. It also applied to New Spain and introduced freedom of the press.
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24. That freedom allowed new newspapers to circulate.
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25. Who founded El Pensador Mexicano?
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26. José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi founded El Pensador Mexicano in 1812.
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27. He used the newspaper to criticize colonial rule during the War of Independence. He also adopted El Pensador Mexicano as his pen name.
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28. Lizardi was also the author of El Periquillo Sarniento in 1816. It is considered the first novel written in Latin America.
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29. So remember the pair: José Isidoro Morales for the newspaper linked to the Constitution of Cádiz, and José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi for El Pensador Mexicano.
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30. Now the timeline moves to the agreements of 1821.
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31. What was the name of the document Iturbide proclaimed on February 24, 1821?
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32. It was the Plan de Iguala, proclaimed by Agustín de Iturbide.
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33. The plan set out a program for Mexican independence around 3 guarantees: religion, independence, and unity.
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34. It gave rise to the Ejército Trigarante and, by tradition, inspired the 3 colors of the Mexican flag.
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35. Which treaty signed in August 1821 recognized Mexico's independence?
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36. The Treaty of Córdoba.
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37. When was the Treaty of Córdoba signed?
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38. August 24, 1821.
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39. Agustín de Iturbide and Juan O'Donojú signed it in Córdoba, Veracruz. It recognized the independence of the Mexican Empire and ratified the Plan de Iguala.
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40. On September 27, 1821, the Trigarante Army entered Mexico City, and independence was consummated.
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41. Keep the order clear: Plan de Iguala first, Treaty of Córdoba next, then the Trigarante Army entered Mexico City.
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42. Independence was followed by a struggle over the form of government.
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43. Which plan repudiated Agustín de Iturbide and sought to reestablish Congress?
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44. The Plan of Casa Mata.
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45. It was proclaimed on February 1, 1823, by Antonio López de Santa Anna and other military leaders against Emperor Agustín de Iturbide.
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46. They demanded the restoration of the Congress that Iturbide had dissolved.
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47. The revolt spread, and Iturbide abdicated in March 1823. That ended the First Mexican Empire and opened the way for the republic.
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48. Agustín de Iturbide ruled newly independent Mexico as emperor. He was never president.
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49. Who was the first president of Mexico?
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50. Guadalupe Victoria became Mexico’s first president in 1824 under the country’s first federal constitution.
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51. He served his full term until 1829.
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52. That’s the distinction to hold onto: Agustín de Iturbide was emperor, while Guadalupe Victoria was the first president.
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53. Recap
54. Here’s the fast timeline.
55. The Plan of Valladolid came in 1809. Miguel Hidalgo issued the Grito de Dolores on September 16, 1810, and Ignacio Allende and Hidalgo were executed in 1811.
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56. Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and Leona Vicario participated in the War of Independence. José Isidoro Morales and José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi are linked to the press of 1812.
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57. Agustín de Iturbide proclaimed the Plan de Iguala on February 24, 1821. He and Juan O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba on August 24, 1821.
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58. The Plan of Casa Mata came in 1823. Guadalupe Victoria became the first president in 1824 and served until 1829.
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59. Rapid fire
60. Time for a quick check.
61. Who was the first president of Mexico?
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62. Your turn — say it out loud

63. Guadalupe Victoria
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64. In what conflict did Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and Leona Vicario participate?
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65. Your turn — say it out loud

66. The War of Independence
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67. What did the Plan of Valladolid consist of?
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68. Your turn — say it out loud

69. It sought to establish a congress in New Spain in the name of Fernando VII
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70. Which state is considered the cradle of independence?
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71. Your turn — say it out loud

72. Guanajuato
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73. Who founded El Pensador Mexicano?
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74. Your turn — say it out loud

75. José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi
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76. Which plan repudiated Agustín de Iturbide and sought to reestablish Congress?
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77. Your turn — say it out loud

78. Plan of Casa Mata
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79. On what date did Mexico's War of Independence begin?
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80. Your turn — say it out loud

81. September 16th, 1810
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82. Which treaty signed in August 1821 recognized Mexico's independence?
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83. Your turn — say it out loud

84. Treaty of Córdoba
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85. What was the name of the document Iturbide proclaimed on February 24, 1821?
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86. Your turn — say it out loud

87. Plan de Iguala
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88. When was the Treaty of Córdoba signed?
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89. Your turn — say it out loud

90. August 24, 1821
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91. Sign-off
92. Keep the plans, dates, and people connected as one sequence. Run the rapid-fire round again when you’re ready.